Airspace
Airspace
Canadian Domestic Airspace is divided into seven classes, each identified by a single letter – A, B, C, D, E, F, or G. Flight within each class is governed by specific rules applicable to that class and are contained in CAR 601, Division I, Airspace Structure, Classification and Use.
The rules for operating within a particular portion of airspace depends on the classification of that airspace and not on the name by which it is commonly known. Thus, the rules for flight within a high level airway, a terminal control area or a control zone depend on the class of airspace within all or part of those areas. Weather minima are specified for controlled or uncontrolled airspace, not for each class of airspace.
Class A
Class A airspace is designated where an operational need exists to exclude VFR aircraft.
All operations must be conducted under Instrument Flight Rules and are subject to ATC clearances and instructions. ATC separation is provided to all aircraft.
All aircraft operating in Class A airspace must be equipped with a transponder and automatic pressure altitude reporting equipment.
Class A airspace will be designated from the base of all high level controlled airspace up to and including FL600.
Class B
Class B airspace is designated where an operational need exists to provide air traffic control service to IFR and to control VFR aircraft.
Operations may be conducted under IFR or VFR. All aircraft are subject to ATC clearances and instructions. ATC separation is provided to all aircraft.
All low level controlled airspace above 12 500 feet ASL or at and above the MEA, whichever is higher, up to but not including 18 000 feet ASL will be Class B airspace.
Control zones and associated terminal control areas may also be classified as Class B airspace.
NOTES 1: No person shall operate an aircraft in Class B controlled airspace in VFR flight unless:
(a) the aircraft is equipped with:
(i) radio communication equipment capable of two-way communication with the appropriate ATS facility, and
(ii) radio navigation equipment capable of using navigation facilities to enable the aircraft to be operated in accordance with the flight plan, and
(iii) a transponder and automatic pressure altitude reporting equipment;
(b) a continuous listening watch is maintained by a flight crew member on a radio frequency assigned by ATC;
(c) except as otherwise authorized by ATC, when the aircraft is over a reporting point a position report is transmitted to the appropriate unit or, when so directed by ATC, to an FSS; and
(d) the aircraft is operated in VMC at all times.
2: A person operating an aircraft on a VFR flight in Class B airspace shall operate the aircraft in VMC at all times. When it becomes evident that flight in VMC will not be possible at the altitude or along the route specified, the pilot shall:
(a) request an ATC clearance which will enable the aircraft to be operated in VMC to the filed destination, or to another aerodrome;
(b) where the person is the holder of a valid instrument rating, request an IFR clearance for flight under the instrument flight rules; or
(c) where the Class B airspace is a control zone, request an authorization for special VFR flight.
3: A person operating an aircraft in Class B controlled airspace in VFR flight who is unable to comply with the requirements of the preceding paragraphs shall ensure that:
(a) the aircraft is operated in VMC at all times;
(b) the aircraft leaves Class B controlled airspace:
(i) by the safest and shortest route, either exiting horizontally or descending, or
(ii) when that airspace is a control zone, by landing at the aerodrome on which the control zone is based, and
(c) an ATC unit is informed as soon as possible of the actions taken pursuant to paragraph (b).
Class C
Class C airspace is a controlled airspace within which both IFR and VFR flights are permitted, but VFR flights require a clearance from ATC to enter. ATC separation is provided between all aircraft operating under IFR and, as necessary to resolve possible conflicts, between VFR and IFR aircraft. Aircraft will be provided with traffic information. Conflict resolution will be provided, upon request, after VFR aircraft is provided with traffic information.
Traffic information is issued to advise pilots of known or observed air traffic which may be in proximity to their aircraft’s position or intended route of flight warranting their attention. Conflict resolution is defined as the resolution of potential conflicts between IFR/VFR and VFR/VFR aircraft that are radar identified and in communication with ATC.
Airspace classified as Class C becomes Class E airspace when the appropriate ATC unit is not in operation.
Terminal control areas and associated control zones may be classified as Class C airspace.
A person operating an aircraft in VFR flight in Class C airspace shall ensure that:
(a) the aircraft is equipped with
(i) radio communication equipment capable of two-way communication with the appropriate ATC unit, and
(ii) a transponder and automatic pressure altitude reporting equipment; and
(b) a continuous listening watch is maintained by a flight crew member on a radio frequency assigned by ATC.
A person wishing to operate an aircraft that is not equipped with functioning communication and transponder equipment for VFR flight in Class C airspace may, during daylight hours and in VMC, enter Class C airspace provided that permission to enter and to operate within the airspace is obtained from ATC prior to the operation being conducted.
Class D
Class D airspace is a controlled airspace within which both IFR and VFR flights are permitted, but VFR flights must establish two-way communication with the appropriate ATC agency prior to entering the airspace. ATC separation is provided only to IFR aircraft. Aircraft will be provided with traffic information. Equipment and workload permitting, conflict resolution will be provided between VFR and IFR aircraft, and upon request between VFR aircraft.
Airspace classified as Class D becomes Class E airspace when the appropriate ATC unit is not in operation.
A terminal control area and associated control zone could be classified as Class D airspace.
A person operating an aircraft in VFR flight in Class D airspace shall ensure that:
(a) the aircraft is equipped with
(i) radio communication equipment capable of two-way communication with the appropriate ATC unit, and
(ii) where the Class D airspace is specified as Transponder Airspace (see RAC 1.9.2), a transponder and automatic pressure altitude reporting equipment; and
(b) a continuous listening watch is maintained by a flight crew member on a radio frequency assigned by ATC.
A person operating an aircraft in VFR flight that is not equipped with the required radio communication equipment may, during daylight hours in VMC, enter Class D airspace provided that permission to enter is obtained from the appropriate ATC unit prior to operating within the airspace.
Class E
Class E airspace is designated where an operational need exists for controlled airspace but does not meet the requirements for Class A, B, C, or D.
Operations may be conducted under IFR or VFR. ATC separation is provided only to aircraft operating under IFR. There are no special requirements for VFR.
Aircraft are required to be equipped with a transponder and automatic pressure altitude equipment to operate in Class E airspace that is specified as transponder airspace (see RAC 1.9.2).
Low level airways, control area extensions, transition areas, or control zones established without an operating control tower may be classified as Class E airspace.
Class F
Class F airspace is airspace of defined dimensions within which activities must be confined because of their nature, and within which limitations may be imposed upon aircraft operations that are not a part of those activities.
Special-use airspace may be classified as Class F advisory or as Class F restricted, and can be controlled airspace, uncontrolled airspace, or a combination of both. An advisory area, for example, may have the floor in uncontrolled airspace and the ceiling in controlled airspace. The significance, in this instance, is that the weather minima would be different in the controlled and uncontrolled portions.
When areas of Class F airspace are inactive, the rules for the applicable airspace apply.
Class F airspace shall be designated in the DAH (TP 1820E) in accordance with the airspace regulations, and shall be published on the appropriate aeronautical charts.
Class G
Class G airspace is airspace that has not been designated Class A, B, C, D, E or F, and within which ATC has neither the authority nor the responsibility to exercise control over air traffic.
However, ATS units do provide flight information and alerting services. The alerting service will automatically alert SAR authorities once an aircraft becomes overdue, which is normally determined from data contained in the flight plan or flight itinerary.
In effect, Class G is all uncontrolled domestic airspace.
Low-level air routes are contained within Class G airspace. They are basically the same as a low-level airway, except that they extend upwards from the surface of the earth and are not controlled. The lateral dimensions are identical to those of a low-level airway (see RAC 2.7.1).
Airways & Air Routes
Airways
- Low level airways have a vertical dimension of 2 200' AGL to 17 999' ASL. A clearance is always required
- VHF/UHF airways have a horizontal dimension of 4nm on either side of the center line.
- LF/MF airways have a horizontal dimension of 4.34nm on either side of the center line.
Ref: AIM RAC 2.7.1
Air Routes
- A clearance is not required.
Forest Fires
[1] Section 601.15 of Canadian Aviation Regulations (CARs) provides that no unauthorized person shall operate an aircraft over a forest fire area, or over any area that is located within 5 NM of one, at an altitude of less than 3000 ft. AGL. A NOTAM does not need to be issued for this airspace restriction to be in effect. In accordance with CAR 601.16, however, Transport Canada may issue a NOTAM to restrict the airspace further around a forest fire. Pilots are reminded to check NOTAMs before flying near forest fires.
